![]() To differentiate the innocuous changes from those leading to increased risk of disease, disability, or death, bio-gerontologists tend to use a more precise term-senescence-when describing aging. ![]() Interestingly, a variety of tissues (adipose tissue, muscle), organs (brain, liver), systems (immune system), and ecosystems (gut microbiota) of the body (indicated as “sub-systems”) can contribute to the onset and progression of such a systemic inflammatory state by increasing the production of several pro-inflammatory mediators or lowering that of the anti-inflammatory ones. Inflammaging plays a pivotal role in the most important geriatric conditions, such as sarcopenia, osteoporosis, frailty, and disability, thus contributing to mortality. One of the key mechanisms is inflammation a typical feature of the aging process is the development of a chronic, low-grade inflammatory status named “inflammaging”, which emerged as critical in the pathogenesis of major age-related chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, and neurodegeneration. Despite its enormous complexity, involving combinations of these variables, a small number of basic molecular mechanisms underpin the aging process, including a set of evolutionary highly conserved basic biological mechanisms responsible for body maintenance and repair. In its broadest sense, aging merely refers to the changes that occur during an organisms’ life span, though the rate at which these take place varies widely. There is no clear evidence which molecular, cellular, or physiological changes are the most important drivers of the aging process and/or how they influence one another. The aging phenotype can be described as a complex mosaic resulting from the interaction of a variety of environmental, stochastic, and genetic–epigenetic events/stimuli impinging lifelong on our body. These factors, such as frailty, loss of autonomy, essential needs, and comorbidities, influence the aging process and are able to justify why the biological age of a person living in a country does not correspond to the age of another person living in a country with better socio-sanitary conditions. The purpose of this paper is not purely to list which biomarkers are able to identify the various stages of aging, rather explain how an epiphenomenon, natural and physiological, is so complex, how many factors are protagonists in its development, and how many actors and characters play in maximizing its individual features, taking into account social and morbidity biomarker. Theories and biomarkers are not studied to extend life span but to guide therapeutic choices and optimize patient management and personalization of care. Many theories currently trying to explain aging processes and many biomarkers are identified to measure aging and its evolutionary stages. If any definition of aging may appear incomplete and insufficient, much more difficult and complex is to find the marker (or biomarker) that can identify it. Assessing biological age is essential to predict life expectancy and resilience to stressors. Biological age is of course influenced by chronological age, but chronological age is by itself not representative of biological age biological age is determined by physiological reserve and functional status. Aging is intrinsically a complex scenario characterized by changes that take place at different levels of biological systems. Īll these data do not consider aging as an epiphenomenon, but an individual data of the global population, just a chronological number. However, the Asia and Latin America older population is growing fast, with Asia’s older population almost tripling in size from 341.4 million in 2015 to 975.3 million in 2050. It is a decrease in fitness with chronological age, it is a developmental phase beyond the normal life trajectory and it is a time of the increased risk of physical and psychological disabilities testing the limits of resilience.Īging occurs at a different rate in varying geographic regions of the world.Įurope is currently the oldest region, with 17.4% of the total population aged 65 and older. Thus, it is hard to really identify a definition of aging. Aging is a topic that has captivated both scientists and philosophers throughout history, but aging as a population scenario emerged on a worldwide scale for the first time in the last century. One of the biggest megatrends impacting the world today is population aging. They find parking spaces, honour their credit cards, get married, have children, and call that maturity. ![]()
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